The CLARIOstar with ACU exposes cells to ischemia-reperfusion conditions and monitors their oxygenation

Introduction

The lack of oxygen supply is associated with a number of life-threatening diseases such as stroke, myocardial infarction, or renal failure whereby cells are temporarily deprived of O₂ and nutrients (ischemia). Significant cell damage can also occur during the reperfusion phase through oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Investigating these pathologies in vitro requires an experimental set-up capable of rapid deoxygenation, rapid reperfusion, and parallel monitoring of critical biological parameters including cellular oxygenation and ROS. The ischemia-reperfusion model presented here uses a microplate reader with software-controlled programmable O₂ and CO₂ regulation (Fig. 1) in combination with MitoXpress Intra, (Agilent Technologies) which enables real-time monitoring of cellular oxygenation. Data are presented using HepG2 cells and iPS derived cardiomyocytes (Cor.4U^®, Axiogenesis).

Materials & Methods

• Clear 96-well plate (Sarstedt)
• Antimycin A (1µM) and FCCP (2.5µM)
• Dihydroethidium (DHE) (Sigma Aldrich)
• JC-1 (Cayman Chemical)

Experimental Procedure
HepG2 cells were plated at a density of 25,000 cells/well and returned to culture overnight. Cor.4U cells (Axiogenesis) were plated and maintained as per the manufacturer’s instructions.

• Cellular Oxygenation: Cells were loaded overnight with the intracellular O₂ probe MitoXpress Intra (Agilent Technologies) as per the manufacturer’s instructions and measured on the CLARIOstar microplate reader using the settings detailed below. Pre-configured measurement protocols and data analysis templates for automatic O₂ concentration calculation are available on BMG LABTECH software allowing real-time monitoring of cellular oxygenation.
• Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP): Cells were loaded with JC-1 (Cayman Chemical) 30 min prior to measurement as per manufacturer’s instructions and measured ratiometrically using the settings detailed below. A dissipation of MMP reduces J-aggregate formation causing a reduction in aggregate: monomer ratio.
• Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS): Cells were loaded with 2.5µM DHE (Sigma Aldrich) for 30 min prior to measurement and measured using the settings detailed below.

Results & Discussion

The CLARIOstar microplate reader equipped with software-controlled programmable O₂ and CO₂ regulation was used in combination with MitoXpress Intra Intracellular Oxygen Assay to induce a defined ischemia-reperfusion event in vitro using a liver and cardiac model (HepG2 and Cor.4U cells respectively) Fig. 3 shows the precise atmospheric control achievable, with O₂ reduced to 1%, maintained at this concentration for a pre-defined period and then rapidly increased to 18%. Parallel monitoring of MitoXpress Intra reveals the importance of real-time oxygenation monitoring, as cellular respiration significantly impacts oxygen concentrations at the cell monolayer.

Antimycin treated HepG2 cells (no respiration), reflect instrument conditions (ACU) however respiring cells experience much lower resting oxygen concentrations and deeper more sustained hypoxia. This disparity between atmospheric and cellular O₂ increases further when respiration is increased through FCCP treatment (uncoupled cells). Using real-time oxygenation monitoring, ACU parameters can therefore be modulated to achieve the desired cellular ischemia-reperfusion profile.

The approach was also evaluated using iPS-derived cardiomyocytes (Cor.4U cells) with parallel monitoring of MMP and ROS (Fig. 4). Non-respiring cells reflect ACU conditions, while respiring cells experience significantly reduced O₂ concentrations.

The convenient multiplexing function of the CLARIOstar was used to measure MMP and cellular oxygenation in parallel. ROS measurements were also performed on the same text plate using DHE. Antimycin treatment blocks respiratory activity increasing cellular oxygenation to ambient levels (Fig. 4A) while also causing MMP dissipation (Fig. 4B) and increased ROS production returning (Fig. 4B).

Conclusion

The CLARIOstar microplate reader with ACU facilitates precise programmable control of both O₂ and CO₂, enabling the simulation of a hypoxic insult of defined depth and duration, while active venting enables rapid controlled reperfusion. Real-time oxygenation monitoring is realised using MitoXpress Intra in conjunction with pre-configured data analysis templates. Critically, this allows ACU parameters to be modulated so that, at the cellular level, the desired depth and duration of hypoxic insult, and the required reperfusion rates are achieved. Multi-parametric analysis of key cellular parameters such as MMP and ROS can be performed during/after the ischemia-reperfusion event.

References

1. Hynes J, et al. 2015. Methods Mol Biol.,1264:203-17.
2. Chapple S.J., et al 2016. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 92:152-162.